Map
A map is a picture of any part of the world drawn to depict some of its characteristics..A map can be drawn to depict both the land and the sea. This must be clearly understood that maps are not photographs. A map is an outline drawing which explains certain things with the help of lines and symbols.
Maps can be divided into three main categories
i. Political or administrative maps show the boundaries of the continents, countries, provinces, districts and cities etc.
ii. Physical maps depict mountains, plains, deserts, rivers, lakes, ocean etc.
iii. Relief maps use colours to show the altitude (height from sea level) of different places like mountains, plateaus and plains.
Maps generally have north at the top, south at the bottom, west at the left hand of the reader and east at his or her right hand.
Globe
A round model of the earth is called globe, since the earth is round, no map of the earth drawn on a paper can depict the exact size and location of the sites shown. To locate a specific place on the enormous stretch of the earth was a difficult thing to do. To solve this problem, geographers drew certain imaginary lines on the globe. These lines are drawn in two different directions. Lines running from north axis of the earth to the south were named lines of longitude.
Number of these lines corresponds to the number of degrees in a circle or on a sphere i.e, 360o. In order to determine the degrees of these lines, it was necessary to suppose a zero line for reference. In 1884 this zero point was given the name of Prime Meridian. The Prime Meridian was supposed to be cutting across or passing through the British city of Greenwich. Imaginary lines drawn to the west of Greenwich are indicated by the letter W and to the East of it by the letter E. Exactly on the opposite side of the Greenwich 180° on the globe is another imaginary line called the IDL or the International Date Line. This line is neither east nor west. When we cross the IDL from west to east we gain one day (suppose if the date on the west of the IDL is Jan. I, on the east of it will be Jan. 2), when we cross it from east to west the position is obviously reversed.
Imaginary lines running in the direction opposite to the direction of the lines of longitude are called lines of latitude. There is also a central imaginary line which has been named the Equator. The upper half of the globe stretching from North Pole to the Equator is called 'Northern Hemisphere' and the area from South Pole to the Equator, 'Southern Hemisphere'. Each hemisphere is divided by 90 imaginary lines. Lines dividing the Northern Hemisphere are indicated by letter N and in the Southern Hemisphere with letter S. North Pole is indicated by 90 O-N and South Pole by 90 0-s. Lines of longitude and lines of latitude cut each other at regular intervals making a multitude of quadrangles, these are called 'GRIDS'.
In order to indicate the exact location of a place on the earth it is said that the place is located between such and such degrees' longitudes and latitudes.
Example: Pakistan is located between 24 0-N and 36 0-N 61 0-E and 75 0-E.
